Internationaliser

Internationaliser Overview

• Servlets that accept serialised objects over a socket and uses them to do SQL (Standard Query Language) updates.
• a multithreaded GUI (Graphic User Interface) client
• SQL database code
• simple parser to import the Strings to be translated.
• generator to export the bundle.properties files.

How It Works

// using a key string to select the String in the appropriate language
okButton = new JButton( myResources.getString( "OkButtonLabel" ));

Professional translators, living anywhere on the planet provide translations in various languages for the key.

An SQL database coordinates everything, allowing simultaneous access by programmers and translators. It also allows custom reporting, custom administration tasks, ad-hoc database correction, and additional fields added to the various tables for custom applications.

To be fully international, the database is stored in UTF-8 format. The source code is presumed to be stored in UTF-8. The bundle files are 8859_1 encoding with special \uxxxx encodings for Unicode, as per Oracle specifications.

Terminology

Bundle

A class or properties file that handles the translation to one locale — language/country/variant combination. The whole point of this project is to create these bundle properties files.

drill down

To navigate a tree from the root to the leaves, choosing ever finer level of detail, e.g. first task, then within that project, then within that resource bundle, then within that locale, then within that translation item.

locale

A triple, language, country and variant, using the ISO codes, where the country and variant can be left blank, e. g. sr_YU_CYR for Serbian spoken in Yugoslavia.

project tree

You can think of a project as like a taxonomy tree with 4+ levels, a way for the administrator or a proofreader to get an overview of the work:

1. project
2. ResourceBundle
3. translation item. The key itself can contain dots which defines further levels of hierarchy.
4. locale(language/country/variant)

the user can navigate the tree, gradually opening up detail to find any translation item.

ResourceBundle

A set of classes/properties files that share the same base name and the same set of translation keys. Typically a ResourceBundle would handle the all the language/country/variant translations for one package or one class.

task

A unit of work to be completed by a translator or a proofreader. Most commonly it would be all the translations for a given bundle. However, it could be a subset of the items in a bundle, or it could contain items from several different bundles. A translator may have several different outstanding tasks and can choose which one to work on. There may be several people assigned to the same task. A translation item may appear in several different tasks. Tasks only apply to translators and proofreaders, not programmers. Programmer task scheduling needs something much more elaborate like Jira.

task tree

You can think of task as like a taxonomy tree with 5+ levels, a way to organise the work for a single translator:

1. task
2. project
3. ResourceBundle
4. locale/bundle (language/country/variant)
5. translation item. The key itself can contain dots which defines further levels of hierarchy.

the translator can navigate the tree, gradually opening up detail to find any translation item. Note how the last two levels are reversed from the way the Project view shows them. Here is a rough simulation of how it will work. Try double clicking the   node folder icons or clicking the   node handle icons. In the real system, each project will have its own icon and each locale will be represented by a   flag or similar symbol.

translation item

One translation of a key and its translation into one particular language/locale, and the associated comments.

translation key

Java translates from a short string to the appropriate locale text. The short string is the translation key, e. g. The key can contain dots. These indicate levels of hierarchy.

SQL Database Tables

People SQL table

Roles SQL table

Projects SQL Table

Project Locale SQL Table

Resource Bundles SQL Table

Bundle SQL Table

Context SQL Table

Programmer Comment SQL Table

Translator and Proofreader Comment SQL Table

Translation SQL Table

Task SQL Table

Task Item SQL Table

Assignment SQL Table

Components

1. The Manager handles the administrative records in the database, such as records for each translator, each project and each bundle.
2. The Import can extract the translation keys, programmer comments and associated ResourceBundle names from the Java source code. The Parser is a command line utility where you specify: the name of the project, ResourceBundle and directory tree to be scanned for source files. The extracted data goes straight into the database. Import can also import a bundle.properties file, which contains translations done through some means other than this program.
3. The Export can go through the database and create the ResourceBundles for a given project. The generated resource bundles are deposited into a file tree organised by project/package/ResourceBundle/locale. From there, programmers can copy them into their debugging or production trees. Export is a command line utility where you specify simply the name of the project, to generate the whole project or project and ResourceBundle to regenerate just one ResourceBundle.
4. The Reporter gives status of a project so that you can see at a glance just what translating/proofreading work still needs to be done. It is a GUI that lets you see summary stats for either a particular project, a particular resource bundle, a particular bundle or particular task. The screen might look something like this:

   ---

   Reporter

   user: RG  bundle: com.mindprod.nova.HybridVehicles  language: sr  country: YU  variant:CYR

   Reporter mockup

   Complete	Count	Stage	Meaning
   	20	U	count of how many translation items in the group are still Untranslated.
   	0	?	count of how many translation items in the group are still unsure.
   	321	T	count of how many translation items in the group are Translated, but not yet proofread.
   	3	P	count of how many translation items in the group are Proofread individually but not yet in context.
   	12	C	count of how many translation items in the group are Complete, proofread both individually and in context.
   	359	any	Total translation items in Group.

   ---

5. The Editor lets a translator see what work she has to do, then select a ResourceBundle and locale to work on. She will see the translation keys and the language she is translating into, along with the comments from programmers, translators and proofreaders about each line. If she wants to compare translations in two languages at once, she will run two copies of the editor, each working on a different language, tiled on screen to make them simultaneously visible. She can then edit the translations or add comments. In the background as she is keying, the JWS (Java Web Start) application sends the data field by field over a socket to a the server as HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) POST transactions which then updates the database. There is a multithreaded queue mechanism so that no matter how fast she types she does not have to wait for the transmissions to and from the database to catch up. Her JWS program every 60 seconds (globally configurable) or automatically puts in a query to the database for any recent changes made by others. These appear on her screen automatically. She can sort by the various columns to make it easy to find items yet to translate, questionable items etc.

   The screen might look something like this:

   ---

   Translation Editor: Single Language View (multiple keys)

   user: RG  bundle: com.mindprod.nova.HybridVehicles  language: fr  country: FR  variant:__

   Translation Editor mockup

   ⇑ Stage ⇓	⇑ Key ⇓	⇑ Translation ⇓	⇑ Comments ⇓	⇑ Prg ⇓	⇑ Trn ⇓	⇑ Prf ⇓	⇑ Changed ⇓
   ?	About	A propos de l’application	DRF: {Application} (item in Help menu) RAJ: à grande vittesse, s’il vous plait. We need this by Monday. RG: Is this too long?	DRF	RG	__	2006-01-12
   T	Apply	Appliquer	DRF: button	DRF	RG	__	2006-01-12
   P	Cancel	Annuler	FR: Yes, use infinitive, not imperative.	DRF	RG	FR	16:00
   U	Continue	__	DRF: button in Error alert box	DRF	__	__	2005-12-31
   ?	Hit F4 to stop	Appuyer sur la touche F4 pour arreter.	DRF: function key RG: hit or press and hold?	DRF	GRH	__	2005-12-01

   ---

   stage codes

   Explanation of stage codes Stage Code Legend Code Meaning U Untranslated ? unsure of translation T Translated P Proofread C Complete

   Explanation of Sort controls Sorting Code Legend Code Meaning ⇑ ascending sort on this column ⇓ descending sort on this column For Comments, sort is by date/time of most recent comment. The red arrow indicates how things are sorted right now.

   The translator can enter data in the brown areas. The blue areas are read-only. Prg is the programmer. Trn is the translator. Prf is the proofreader. My goal is to use screen real estate efficiently. The date/time of the last update shows as a date for previous days, but as 24-hour local time for today’s changes.

   ---

   Translation Editor: Multi-Language View (single key)

   Translation Editor mockup

   user: RG  bundle: com.mindprod.nova.HybridVehicles key: about

   Translation Editor mockup

   ⇑ Stage ⇓	⇑ Locale ⇓	⇑ Translation ⇓	⇑ Comments ⇓	⇑ Prg ⇓	⇑ Trn ⇓	⇑ Prf ⇓	⇑ Changed ⇓
   T	de_DE	Anwendungsinfo	DRF: button	DRF	RG	__	2006-01-12
   ?	fr_FR	A propos de l’application	DRF: button RAJ: à grande vittesse, s’il vous plait. We need this by Monday. RG: Is this too long?	DRF	RG	__	2006-01-12
   P	it_IT	Informazioni sull’applicazione	DRF: button FR: Yes, use infinitive, not imperative.	DRF	RG	FR	16:00

   ---

6. SQL database. It has quite light duty so could run on a development machine. It does not need a dedicated server or high performance. It needs access to the Servlet Womb. The presumption there is an administrator capable of installing MySQL and dealing with database backup and recovery. This tool is aimed at teams, not individuals, so this is a reasonable assumption.
7. Translation Server. This will be a Servet Womb, e.g. Tomcat. Adjustments need to be made to deal with installing and running under other Servlet Wombs. The presumption there is an administrator capable of installing the servlet womb and installing the Internationaliser jars into it.

Walk Through

Now we run the Parser on the various source code bases to extract the translation keys and programmer notes.

The administrator runs the statistic Report on the project to make sure all the bundles have some translation keys.

The translators start working translating into the various locales using the online/offline Editor.

The administrator can see how things are going by running the statistics Report for the project. He can see how many strings are yet to be translated for each bundle.

The administrator runs a Generate to create the bundles, possibly incomplete. Programmers propagate these *.properties files to the appropriate places for testing.

The administrator also runs a Inserter to insert the translator’s comments back into the Java source code.

The programmer’s add comments and perhaps change translate key names in order to make it clearer to the translators what is required. They do this with their ordinary programming tools.

The administrator runs another Parser run to extra the latest translate keys and programmer comments from the source.

All the while translators are continuing to polish their work.

Optionally you may have some translators acting as proofreaders, proofing either the raw translations or checking them out in the context of the finished program and updating the database with the latest status. Translators and proofreaders communicate can leave notes for each other in a field attached to each translation.

The translators will see the new programmer comments and can modify translations.

This process of Parse, Edit, Report, Insert and Generate can happen over and over in any order as the translations are completed and polished. You can even run all these steps simultaneously.

Eventually the programmers insert the generated bundles into the final build.

The Manager

Manager : People

Manager : Projects

Manager : Project Locales

Firewalls

Variable Text

You can use this same technique to handle singular/plural. Don’t attempt to solve these sorts of problem by simply replacing pronouns such as his/her/they. In other languages, when you change the pronouns, other things in the sentence have to change as well for gender/number agreement.

The only impact this scheme has on the Internationaliser is to ensure that translations include all the {…} replacement parameters in the key string and no extras.

Icons

• An icon for each project. It need not be unique, so you can classify rather than identify your projects.
• An icon for each resource bundle. It need not be unique. Probably you will leave it the default for all resource bundles.
• An icon for each locale, language/country/variant triple. Again it need not be unique. It usually would be as small flag. It represents language, country and variant in one symbol. It is up to the user to create these. They are not all built-in.
• An icon for each person. Again it need not be unique. You might borrow some from Opera skins. Since these are for your own personal use, you need not worry about infringing copyright. On the other hand, any icons built into the program could get in trouble with copyright. You have the option in choosing these to choose an image that looks like the person, that encodes their status as programmer/translator/proofreader/administrator, or the languages they handle or any other classification scheme you like.
• An icon for each task. Again it need not be unique. You might use just coloured squares to indicate priority.
• An icon for representing each thumbnail. Probably you would use a single default icon for all thumbnails.
• An image, larger than the other icons, to represent each context screenshot. Using the resource scheme for these could cause problems, since they change more frequently than the others. It would be possible to use a separate screenshot jar for each project and use lazy loading to avoid translators automatically downloading screenshots for projects they are not working on. It should not be a problem unless there were a great many projects and a great many large screenshots. This can all be arranged independently of the Internationaliser. All modules of the Internationaliser just use the jars on their classpaths.

Introducing New Icons

The first thing to understand is that the icons themselves do not exist in the database, only the names of the corresponding resources. There are two kinds of icon resource:

1. Early Icons. The administrator makes these available simply by copying/uploading them to the /icon directory. Early icons become instantly available to all clients. Early icons, however, are slow since they are downloaded from the server each time they are needed.
2. Permanent Icons. From time to time the administrator bundles the new early icons into the icon.jar resource file. Java Web Start notices that the icon.jar file has changed and will download it the next time each client starts the editor. Thereafter, the clients get the icons from the locally cached jar, which is much quicker than downloading them over the net. The administration must shut down the server temporarily and hence also online access of the clients running the editors to update the icon.jar of permanent icons.

The other disadvantage of early icons is they are not accessible when a translator is using the editor offline.

Font resources work a similar way with Early fonts and Permanent fonts. There you an additional option Installed fonts where you natively install the font manually with the OS (Operating System) control panel.

Icon Naming

Icons have tooltip hoverhelp. This means when you hover your mouse over them without clicking a box will pop up telling you the meaning of the icon, both in abbreviated and long form. When you move you mouse away, the help automatically disappears. You don’t have to dismiss the box. Like everything else, these explanatory texts can be internationalised.

Sophisticated administrators will likely maintain their library of icons using a version control system such as CVS or Subversion. This is independent of the Internationaliser application. It just uses the latest icons.jar, or more correctly, any icon resources on its classpath or jarpath.

Email

• The email system is for machine ⇒ person communication only. It is not for people ⇒ people communication. For that, use your normal email clients such as Eudora, Pine and Outlook.
• Any email the system generates, is generated by the server. If clients were to indirectly trigger such emails, it would be the central server that generated and delivered them on their behalf.
• The internationaliser talks to only one SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) mailserver. It has an account and password on the mailserver. There is only one email account to be configured in a global configuration file. The mailserver must be compatible with JavaMail. All these emails will appear to be from internationaliser not individual people who may have done things that triggered the messages.
• Clients receiving emails don’t have to have an email account with the central email server. It is important to retain this flexibility and more and more ISPs are blocking access to mailservers other than their own to fight spam.
• Any emails sent to the Internationaliser’s mail box or in reply will be left for a human to deal with using a traditional email client. It will attract spam just like any other mailbox. To discourage this, give the central mailbox an unusual name that still lets people know where the mail is coming from.
• The internationaliser itself is internationalised, so naturally the emails it generates will be internationalised too, targeted to the registered preferred locale and encoding Charset of the recipient.
• These emails will be utilitarian and brief, just some text describing the alert and a little bit of variable data.
• Emails will normally be sent with UTF-8 encoding. If the client’s email program is can’t handle it, suggest they upgrade, or configure an encoding Charset that both Java/JavaMail and their mail program can handle into their person record. See encoding.

• When a programmer runs the import utility to extract keys from his code and enters them into the database. The internationaliser will generate an email to warn the administrator that he will have to schedule translations.
• when a task is finished, either by a translator or proofreader, generate an email to the administrator.
• when a task is assigned or changed, generate emails to those it is assigned to. This could be messy because a translator could get a great string of emails about the same task, one for every tiny change.
• When a bundle is ready, generate an email to the original programmer.

Billing

1. To track production to pay the translators and proofreaders.
2. To track production to bill a possible customer for whom you are providing translation services.

Fields in the database prevent you from paying for a translation more than once, even if it is modified after payment.

When you run the internationaliser billing export, you will get a display like this and a CSV (Comma-Separated Value) file to match that you can import into your own custom billing program.

DRF,Don Fockler,rolling thunder,en_CA,10,40,300
DRF,Don Fockler,rolling thunder,en_US,11,43,310
DRF,Don Fockler,the big grind,fr_FR,7,38,321

There are similar reports for each proofreader and each project (which can be used to bill customers.)

As soon as the export file is created, from the Internationaliser’s point of view, those translations are now paid/billed and it marks them as such in the database records so that information will not be included on later reports which would fool you into paying/billing twice.

Global Configuration Properties File

System Requirements

The client machines must be capable of running Java 1.5+ and have the JRE (Java Runtime Environment) installed with the polishing to make Java Web Start work smoothly. They need 256+ MB of RAM (Random Access Memory). They need a 1+GHz processor. They must have full Unicode font support, which lets out W95 and W98. They might be W2K, XP, W2003, Vista, W2008, W7-32, W7-64, W8-32, W8-64, W2012, W10-32 and W10-64, Linux, Macs, Solaris… They must have an Internet connection, preferably ADSL or cable, but dial-up will do. Direct dialup to the server will not suffice unless it looks like a PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) Internet connection from the client end. The client machines must have modern email software installed and a modern browser installed, preferably that support UTF-8 encoding. The machines should be equipped with keyboards that can directly generate the keys for the languages to be translated. Translators may find it most convenient to have several keyboards each specialised for a given language. You might use a reverse KVM switch so you can swap without shutting down uplugging and plugging the keyboard in the back of the machine. The Interationaliser provides no special means to generate characters that are awkward to key on a given keyboard.

The server must be capable of running Java version 1.5 or later, MySQL and Tomcat. The Internationaliser might typically run on a machine in the programmers’ office that is also used for other functions. The load the Internationaliser puts on the server is relatively light. Client Applets shoulder most of the workload.

If, instead, you use an offsite server, you can’t just copy files to and from the Internationaliser’s directories. You must upload and download them with FTP (File Transfer Protocol), which is somewhat clumsy. You also have to Telnet into do things like start up and shut down the server software. Diagnosing problems remotely is more difficult. If possible, I suggest using an on-site server. Later migrate to a high-bandwidth off-site server, only if necessary.

What Is Not Included

• The program does not bill clients or pay translators. It does not provide any sort of auction for clients or translators.
• There is no help system. The assumption is the people using it will be professionals who at most will need a web-based FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions).
• The Internationaliser itself comes with only English. Customers, of course, can provide translations for its resource bundles using the Internationaliser so it too will work in many languages.
• Automatically translate between languages. Translation is done purely by human translators.
• Hook into automatic translation engines to give rough translations.
• Manage the library of possible icons. It is up to the administrator to manage that library and present the Internationaliser with a jar or jars full of resource icons. There are no icons in the database, just the abbreviated names of them. In particular, the Internationaliser does not create or collect screen shots.
• The Internationaliser does not package up applications with resource bundles or insert the bundles into repositories. It just leaves the bundles in one of its directories for programmers to move where they please.
• It is the customer’s responsibility to provide a rich icon library, including the flags of the nations. The program comes with just a minimal set of defaults.
• It does not defang firewalls to allow possible blocked communication.
• The Internationaliser always displays dates and times in local time. This requires that each machine using the Internationaliser be configured correctly with the time zone and time of day. See SetClock for accurately setting PC (Personal Computer) clocks.
• The Internationaliser requires the latest Java JVM (Java Virtual Machine) to run. It is not guaranteed to work on older JVMs (Java Virtual Machines). It will definitely not work on JVMs prior to 1.5.
• The Internationaliser requires the latest JRE with Java Web Start pre-installed and working on all client machines.
• The Internationaliser clients must all have Internet access, preferably cable or DSL (Digital Subscriber Loop) rather than dial-up. Normally you run the editor online, though you can work offline in a pinch. There is no provision to work without such a connection, e.g. by emailing floppies or CDs.
• The Internationaliser uses whatever keyboard driver the user has configured. It has no special ways of generating unusual characters that the local system does not support. It is up to the translator to select a keyboard driver that properly supports the languages she in working on.
• The Internationaliser comes with no special fonts. It is the duty of the administrator to get whatever fonts are needed for a particular locale installed on all client machines. These fonts must support Unicode.
• There is no guarantee of support for right-to-left languages such as Hebrew. There is no guarantee that languages with alphabets radically different from English such as Chinese, Japanese, Hindi and Arabic will work. Russian is guaranteed to work however. The Internationaliser supports any language that can be represented with a Unicode string, without any special extra processing. I have some experimenting with Hebrew, at it looks like it can likely be handled with two fairly simple additions: using a slightly larger font and tracking whether each language is left justified like English or right justified like Hebrew. I have set up fields to allow the font, size and anti-aliasing to be configured for each locale. It is up to you to make sure any fonts you use are either in the font resource or preinstalled on all the client machines that will use them. The Internationaliser has no way of automatically installing fonts or determining at the time you configure a font if every client supports it.
• The Internationaliser does not do general queries on its database. You can use the MySQL administrator program to submit general SQL queries. You can write your own programs to query the database, but the Internationaliser itself provides no generic query ability other than the reporter which gives a standard status report.
• When I write software I usually apply the following conditions:
  1. Non-military use only. I don’t sell my software to the military or military contractors.
  2. The client gets a copy of the software, for safety in the event I stop supporting it and to modify if he so chooses.
  3. The client gets only a license to the software, not exclusive ownership. That means I can resell it to others.
  4. The client may not resell the software to others.
  5. It is the client’s responsibility to get the SQL database and the Servlet womb installed and working to the HelloWorld level.
  6. It is the client’s responsibility to train the programmers, translators and proofreaders and to troubleshoot their individual problems with installation, firewalls etc. I deal only with one or two designated contact people.

Website Translation

The tricky part is letting the translators for the most part ignore markup.

The other key to the solution is using HTML static macros or JSP to generate multi-lingual boiler plate so that it does not need to be translated individually on each page.

Possible Extras

Display translation A while working on translation B rather than the programmer key.

Cloning would let you copy a translation to another language as the starting point, particularly useful for country or variants of a base language.

fallback, if you don’t provide a translation for a country or variant it takes the translation from a root translation.

The Inserter can insert translated strings for selected languages and translator comments back into the Java source to let the programmers better understand the code and proofread some of the strings.

Mini server. Instead of using a full blown servlet engine, use something stripped down that does not require system administration. It would use a simplified socket-based protocol that exchanged serialised objects with the clients. The advantage is non-technical people could set up and maintain the server on any PC with internet access. The disadvantage is, since it does not use HTTP protocol, clients might have trouble accessing it through firewalls. This is the main reason for using HTTP as the main approach. The second reason is to allow non-Java access as well, with pure browser HTTP for the basic editor.

Thin Client Version. Used where Java is not available. It could used for example from public terminal in an Internet Cafe. The thin version of translator client and server would work with browser without Java installed. You would gather up a page full of entries to translate and then hit SUBMIT when you had translated them. The disadvantages of this approach is:

• You don’t see updates from others while you are working.
• You may actually undo the work of others since your entire page is taken as definitive, even the parts you did not change.For safety there should then be only one person assigned to a bundle at a time.
• There is no validation until you submit the whole page.
• If you crash, all your work since the last submit is lost.
• If you are on a slow connection, you will have to wait while pages load and submit. You won’t be able to key anything during those pauses.
• You may have to type blind, or manually scroll with the cursor, for long strings that won’t fit in the boxes allotted.
• Even material that has not changed will be transmitted back and forth, thus slowing your down.
• There is no background parallel operation. You must wait every time you want to save or fetch something else.
• No use of tree-structured drill down. There is no equivalent in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). You must read a new web page to traverse each level.

Phases

1. Editor with simple server. You exercise it with sample data manually entered into the database. The server collects and saves translations.
2. Extract translations to be done from source code and export bundles.
3. Administrative functions
4. The reporter
5. Billing export. The program itself does not do billing. Write a simple custom reference billing program to show the general skeleton of how it works. Every customer must write their own. They can use this as a skeleton overriding the various methods.
6. Email alerts
7. Web based editor

To Come

• How are passwords handled? These have to be managed by three parties, Tomcat, the Internationaliser and MySQL. Co-ordinating this is a challenge.
• handling deletions where item still in use.
• Where to the context URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) come from?
• walkthrough of task creation and assignment
• Define various administrative functions

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