MIDI : Computer Hardware Buyers’ Glossary

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MIDI

MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) is both a way of connecting to digital musical intruments and a way compactly recording music for playback by digital musical istruments or a software sythesiser in a computer.

MIDI came out in 1991. An augmented, upward compatible MIDI-2 came out in 1999. DLS (Down Loadable Sounds) enables sampling, making sounds with a wavetable sound capture rather than mathematicallly. XMF (extensible Music Format) combines MIDI and DLS in one file.

The MIDI stream sent to instruments over the 5-pin DIN (Deutsches Institut für Normung/German Institute for Standardisation) serial connection contains no embedded timing information. The notes are sent the instant they are intended to be played. MIDI files on the other hand need embedded timing information to track when to send the commands.

It allows you to interconnect various MIDI-compatible electronic musical instruments such as keyboard, synthesiser, electronic drum set etc. and to connect them all to your computer. It allows you to play an instrument and have the computer convert your playing to sheet music, or to automatically play electronic MIDI sheet music, much like a player piano. A sound card usually comes with a built-in MIDI compatible synthesiser. It usually is a crummy sounding FM synthesiser, but on higher end sound cards it can be a full wave table synthesiser that can accurately simulate any combination of acoustic instruments. MIDI is very compact way of storing music. You can pick up a whole song off the Internet in a few seconds and start playing it immediately using the Crescendo add-in software to your web browser.

Limitations

The main limitation of MIDI is that it currently cannot handle the human voice.
Midi is designed around the 12-tone chromatic scale. Some instruments support microtuning to let you experiment with historical scales, experimental tunings, quarter tones etc, but this is not part of the MIDI standard.
Only expensive keyboards give you fine volume control. Most just register key pressed or not. Every note plays at the same volume, like an organ.
The sound lacks the subtlely of analog instruments.

Connectors

MIDI is a very simple serial interface. It uses only 3 pins of a 5-pin DIN connector. Inexpensive synthesizers are missing the MIDI connector. They use a USB (Universal Serial Bus) port intended to plug into a computer.


male MIDI connector	male MIDI pinouts. 1=unused 2=shield 3=unused 4=positive 5=negative

Inexpensive synthesizers are missing the MIDI connector. They use a USB port intended to plug into a computer.


USB2-B connector that plugs into the synthesizer	USB2-A connector that plugs into the computer	USB2-A slot on the computer

Trying Out Midi

So long as your browser has a MIDI player installed, just clicking on that link will cause it to play. Try it here:

Bach	Jesu Joy of Man’s Desiring	Maple Leaf Rag	Ain’t Misbehavin
Ain’t we Got Fun	The living Love catalyst	The Bodyguard	I Can see Clearly Now
The Impossible Dream	Killing me Softly	Do the Locomotion	Puff The Magic Dragon
Start Me Up	Take Five	Wind Beneath My Wings	The Pearl Fishers

Advantages and Disadvantage of MIDI

Playing those samples will point out MIDI ’s big disadvantage. It can handle only synthesiser intrumentals, no voice. It can’t do speech or other arbitratry sounds. The big advantage is how quick it is to download compared with the other formats such as MP3. It is much more compact.

If you are a musician, you can modify MIDI files to use different instruments, and feed them into your digital musical instruments. You can also modify the music as you please, to change the tempo or even even the notes and durations.

Basically, MIDI just tells your computer to play middle C for 250 milliseconds sounding as best like a piano or a trumpet as it can. The quality of the sound card hardware and the software synthesiser in the computer playing the MIDI file has a lot to with how lush and realistic the performance sounds. It will sound totally different played on different computers. Only the timing and pitch will match.

There are at least 4 flavours of MIDI : MIDI 0, MIDI 1, RIFF (Resource Interchange File Format) MIDI 0, RIFF MIDI 1.

There are over 60 different downloadable MIDI formats, that are converted to a standard format for timed commands sent to the instruments.

Using MIDI in HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)

To embed a MIDI file on your web page, all you need do is add some HTML like this:

. You usually want some sort of gif to indicate a playable link. Here is a simple way to embed a MIDI file and have it automatically play:

It appears to work with Opera, IE (Internet Explorer) and Netscape.

Using JavaScript, it is also possible to cause a song to start playing automatically as soon as a page is loaded.

Using MIDI in Java 1.1

Java version 1.1 does not officially support MIDI music files, but on some browsers this trick will work:

getAppletContext().showDocument ( new URL ( getCodeBase(), "test.mid" ) );

They would need a Midi player installed. The music must exist in a file accessible via URL (Uniform Resource Locator). You can’t use this trick to play some music you have sitting in a byte array.

MIDI in Java 1.3+

With Java version 1.3, Java supports MIDI in a massive way. javax.media.sound.midi provides interfaces and classes for I/O, sequencing, and synthesis of MIDI. javax.media.sound.midi.spi supplies interfaces for service providers to implement when offering new MIDI devices, MIDI file readers and writers, or sound bank readers.

Creating MIDI files

Normally you use music software to enter a score and arrange it. Hackers might enjoy reading up on the MIDI file spec and creating files programmatically with a hex editor. However Digital Ear : Real-time Audio (.wav ) to MIDI converter ! is a $130.00 USD is real time utility to convert MIDI to wav format, and astoundingly, wav to MIDI. That utility does much what a human would do listening to music and writing down the equivalent notation. The raw result needs touch up, at least to assign a voice, and requires a monphonic (single voice, no chords or polyphony) source, but it is a way of extracting compact, malleable MIDI from ordinary sound sources. If you use your own voice as input, it can correct pitch but preserve vibrato.

recommend electronic⇒Cakewalk Sonar X1 Studio

asin: B004BDB394

Cakewalk’s midi composition, recording and editing software.

	amazon.de	amazon.ca
	amazon.es	tigerdirect.ca
	amazon.fr	newegg.ca
	amazon.it	amazon.com
	amazon.co.uk	tigerdirect.com
		newegg.com

Greyed out stores probably do not have the item in stock

Books

recommend book⇒Making Music with SONAR Home Studio

by:

Craig Anderton

978-1-59863-973-5

paperback

publisher:

Course Technology

B0044KLPRO

kindle

published:

2010-03-10

Highly reviewed.

Greyed out stores probably do not have the item in stock

cables
Cakewalk: MIDI-based music composition
Comparison of the four flavours of Cakewalk Sonar
Convert MIDI to WAV or MP3
Crescendo
How to Generate MIDI files
Intelliscore: MP3 to MIDI
JFugue
JFugue documenation on Java MIDI soundbanks
JMF: streaming audio
MIDI Converter: shareware to convert MIDI to MP3 and other wave formats
MIDI Standards in Book Form
MIDIRenderer: convert MIDI to WMA, MP3, OGG, FLAC, APE, AMR or WAV
Piston MIDI to MP3 converter
Rhythm Tutor Student Project
Scala: lets you experiment musical tunings, eg. historical temperaments and non-Western scales
Scorch
Simple overview of how MIDI works
sound
Timidity: convert MIDI to MP3
Widisoft: Convert MP3 to MIDI

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