Servlet : Java Glossary

an application designed to run on a server in the womb of a permanently resident CGI (Common Gateway Interface) mother program written in Java that provides services for it, much the way an Applet runs in the womb of a Web browser.

Servlet Advantages

Servlets have the following advantages over CGI.

A Servlet does not run as a separate process. This removes the overhead of creating a new process for each request.
A Servlet stays in memory between requests. A CGI program (and its runtime support) needs to be loaded and started for each CGI request.
There needs to be only one copy of the servlet in RAM (Random Access Memory) at a time. Using threads, it can service several requests simultaneously. With CGI there is one copy of the code for each transaction in process.
The servlet sandbox can watch over the servlets to make sure they behave themselves. In traditional CGI programming, a coding error can bring down the entire system.

Servlet Extensions

It gets tedious writing Servlets that embed reams of HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) inside Java strings, since your outputs are complete HTML pages. So people have created scores of rinky dink ways of embedding Java code in HTML that gets compiled into the equivalent Java Servlet code dynamically. I find them all disgustingly amateurish. You might have a look at some of the choices of framework.

There are various ways of writing server code that build on top of the basic Servlet classes. JSP (Java Server Pages) and Freemarker let you embed bits of Java code, and other scripting inside your HTML pages. These are parsed and converted to Java Servlet programs that dynamically generate HTML with variable fields. These are automatically recompiled as needed.

With JSP all you have to do is drop the *.jsp files in a magic directory and away you go. With Servlets you must put the *.class files or *.war files in a magic directory, and register the servlets in a web.xml file that maps application name to servlet class among other things.

Writing Servlets in XML (extensible Markup Language)

In the following web.app example, the user types http://localhost:8080/hello. That is mapped to a servlet named hello-world. That servlet is implemented by the Java Servlet test.HelloWorld.class.

<web-app>
<servlet-mapping url-pattern='/hello' servlet-name='hello-world'/>
<servlet servlet-name='hello-world' servlet-class='test.HelloWorld'/>
<init-param greeting='Hello, world'/>
</web-app>

Under the Hood

The big puzzle to the novice is where are the jars for the Servlet classes?

// imports used in Servlets
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;

Sun does not provide the jars. You get them from your servlet womb vendor — his particular implementation of the interfaces. If you use Caucho Resin, it will automatically use its version of the classes and automatically recompile your java source as-needed. You have to read the womb docs. Often they make you copy the entire set of system jars to your own directory for use.

Sun does provide some

Oracle’s Technetwork dummy classes

so you can compile without having a womb, but that is not very useful. You can’t execute the code. To run, you need a servlet womb.

javax.servlet.Filter is an interface to allow a transaction to be processed in an assembly line. Each Filter does some of the work and passes on the input or output to the next filter in the chain, and decides on who is next.

Getting Started

Getting your first HelloServletWorld working can be quite a challenge.

First you want to set up a dummy domain. Add the line:
127.0.0.1 practice.org
to your C:\winnt\system32\drivers\etc\hosts file.
If you are using Caucho Resin, add a line something like this to your resin.conf file to tell Caucho where your servlet and JSP code are.
<host id="practice.org" app-dir="e:/com/mindprod/practice" />
Set up C:\com\mindprod\practice\WEB-INF\lib with the usual servlet jars.
Put
Put your servlet *.java source code (which does use packages) in C:\com\mindprod\practice\WEB-INF\src\com\mindprod\practice.
After you shutdown and restart Caucho Resin, it will automatically recompile both files as needed.
To invoke a typical JSP, type http://practice.org:8080/HelloJspWorld.jsp?firstname=Roedy
To invoke a typical Servlet, type http://practice.org:8080/servlet/com.mindprod.practice.HelloServletWorld?firstname=Roedy

Debugging Tips

Sometimes the log output will appear in the WEB-INF\logs directory and other times in the \log directory of the servlet womb. Just look for fresh *.log files.
The
```
this.getServletContext().log( "oops: database connection lost" );
```
System.out. println and System. err. println may or may not work in any given womb.
Put a version number that you increment with every compile on every screen and log output so you can be sure you are not getting on old version stuck in the browser’s or womb’s cache. So many times when you think something does not work it is because you are testing an old version. You can crank it back down to something less embarrassing after you get the code debugged.
Write a dummy doGet method that just echos the version number. You can then trigger recompilation from a browser, and you can easily tell if your Servlet is alive and which version it is running.
Write a dummy doGet method that throws an Exception which will cause the womb to shutdown and reinitialise the Servlet.
You don’t need to calculate the Content-Length of the data you are returning. It will be calculated for you after you close the PrintWriter.
You will generate a -1 responseCode unless you use HttpServletResponse. setStatus ( HttpServletResponse. SC_OK );
Do a trim() on your getParameter because it includes the \r\n on the tail end of the last parameter.

Learning More

Oracle’s Developer Online Training on Servlet Fundamentals

javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet docs : available:

on the web at oracle.com
in the EE SDK: J:\glassfishv3\glassfish\docs\api\javax\servlet\http\HttpServlet.html on your local Windows J: drive

javax.servlet.http package docs : available:

on the web at oracle.com
in the EE SDK: J:\glassfishv3\glassfish\docs\api\javax\servlet\http\package-summary.html on your local Windows J: drive

javax.servlet package docs : available:

on the web at oracle.com
in the EE SDK: J:\glassfishv3\glassfish\docs\api\javax\servlet\package-summary.html on your local Windows J: drive

Oracle’s Technetwork Dummy Servlet Classes

Books

recommend book⇒Head First Servlets and JSP: Passing the Sun Certified Web Component Developer Exam

by:

Bryan Basham, Kathy Sierra, Bert Bates

978-0-596-51668-0

paperback

publisher:

O’Reilly

published:

2008-08-07

A very complete book, partly because it aims to prepare you for the Sun exam. It is also a difficult book.

Greyed out stores probably do not have the item in stock

recommend book⇒Core Servlets and Javaserver Pages: Advanced Technologies, Vol. 2, second edition

by:

Marty Hall, Larry Brown, Yaakov Chaikin

978-0-13-148260-9

paperback

publisher:

Prentice Hall

B004YWAZFA

kindle

published:

2007-12-01

Complete text of the book available on line in pdf format.

Greyed out stores probably do not have the item in stock

recommend book⇒Java Servlet Programming, second edition

by:

Jason Hunter, William Crawford

978-0-596-00040-0

paperback

publisher:

O’Reilly

B0043M4Z8E

kindle

published:

2001-03-01

highly recommended. Covers basics of JSP too.

Greyed out stores probably do not have the item in stock

recommend book⇒Web Development with JavaServer Pages

by:

Duane K. Fields, Mark A. Kolb, Shawn Bayern

978-1-930110-12-0

paperback

publisher:

Manning

published:

2001-09-15

A very thorough treatment.

Greyed out stores probably do not have the item in stock

recommend book⇒Inside Servlets: Server-Side Programming for the Java(TM) Platform, second edition

by:

Dustin R. Callaway, Danny Coward

978-0-201-70906-3

paperback

publisher:

Addison-Wesley

published:

2001-05-14

Greyed out stores probably do not have the item in stock

recommend book⇒Developing Enterprise Java Applications with EE and UML

by:

Khawar Zaman Ahmed, Cary E. Umrysh

978-0-201-73829-2

paperback

publisher:

Addison-Wesley

published:

2001-10-27

Greyed out stores probably do not have the item in stock

Applet vs Servlet
ASP
Catalina
CGI
Code Charge: generates servlets
cookie
EE
framework: list of possible frameworks
HTML static macros
ISP: list of ISP vendors who will host servlets
JDBC: list of JDBC vendors
JSP
JSR 315: coming Servlet 3 spec
LAMP
Novocode Servlet Essentials Tutorial
PHP
server
Servlet related Links
servlet womb
template engine
Tomcat
web container
where to find jars
womb

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